Shared blockchain primitives plus per-chain concepts, so the differences between chains fall out of the graph.
A curated, cross-linked knowledge base for understanding the most important blockchains together, not in isolation. The design principle: the ideas every chain shares live once as chain-agnostic primitives, and each chain describes only its own choices, linking back to the primitive it implements. The result is that "where and why the chains differ" is visible in the graph itself.
Bitcoin is minimalist sound money; Ethereum is a programmable world computer; Cardano is a research-first chain that keeps Bitcoin's UTXO lineage while adding Ethereum-style programmability under a different proof-of-stake design. Almost every technical difference is downstream of these stances, as design philosophy draws out. The bundle is built to extend: adding a chain means adding a folder that links into the same shared primitives.
Technical facts are cited to primary sources (the Bitcoin whitepaper and BIPs, ethereum.org and the EIPs). Fast-moving or demand-dependent values (Ethereum's net issuance, roadmap dates) are flagged as such rather than asserted as constants.
A one-way function mapping arbitrary data to a fixed-size digest, the workhorse primitive of every blockchain.
Keypairs and signatures let a holder prove ownership and authorize transactions without revealing the secret key.
A hash tree that summarizes many transactions into one root, enabling compact proofs of inclusion.
A batch of transactions cryptographically chained to its predecessor, forming an append-only ledger.
How mutually distrusting nodes agree on one ordered history without a central authority.
The guarantee that a confirmed transaction cannot be reversed, either probabilistic or economic.
A ledger of discrete unspent coins consumed and recreated by each transaction, with no protocol-level balances.
A global state of balances that transactions mutate directly, the natural fit for stateful smart contracts.
Code deployed to the chain that executes deterministically when called, enabling programmable money.
The pricing of scarce block space and computation, which funds security and resists spam.
The chain's built-in asset that pays for security and fees, governed by a protocol-defined issuance schedule.
The pool of validated but unconfirmed transactions waiting to be included in a block.
A participant that stores the chain and independently validates every rule, the basis of decentralization.
Divergences in the chain or its rules, from momentary reorgs to permanent protocol splits.
The claim that a blockchain struggles to maximize decentralization, security, and scalability at once.
A hard ~21 million cap issued via a block subsidy that halves every 210,000 blocks until ~2140.
How Bitcoin transactions consume prior outputs and create new ones, with change and implicit fees.
A stack-based, intentionally non-Turing-complete language for expressing spending conditions.
Bitcoin's layer-2 scaling via bidirectional off-chain payment channels settled on the base chain.
A research-first proof-of-stake blockchain that extends the UTXO model to smart contracts via EUTXO.
A multi-asset ledger where custom tokens are first-class citizens, minted without a smart contract.
Haskell-based on-chain scripts that validate spending in the EUTXO model, with Marlowe and newer languages.
A 45 billion ADA cap funded from a diminishing reserve that also feeds staking rewards and a treasury.
Cardano's mechanism for upgrading via hard forks without a chain split or disruption.
Every activated Cardano hard fork from Byron (2017) to van Rossem (June 2026), with dates and headline features.
How Bitcoin's coin-based ledger and Ethereum's balance-based state lead to different capabilities.
How Bitcoin's energy-based and Ethereum's capital-based consensus differ in cost, finality, and risk.
Sound money and minimalism versus a programmable, evolving world computer, and why their choices cohere.
A programmable blockchain, the "world computer," running smart contracts under proof of stake.
A Turing-complete, deterministic state machine that executes smart-contract bytecode on every node.
Externally owned and contract accounts over a global state, Ethereum's alternative to Bitcoin's UTXOs.
Metered computation priced in gas, with a burned base fee plus a priority tip since the London upgrade.
An uncapped supply set by validator issuance minus the EIP-1559 burn, the "ultrasound money" framing.
